Best Shampoos For Hair Fall
A shampoo is basically a solution of a detergent modified by additives to make it easier to apply and to safeguard against deterioration of the hair condition after the shampoo has been rinsed away. The components used in shampoo formulation are classified in the list below; though, the categorizations are not separate from each other, example - viscosity modifiers can sometimes be used to stabilize the foam and some opacifying agents can also improve the quality of foam. Also, amphoteric wetting agents may be used as the main detergent for specialist shampoos. They are also valued as hair-conditioning agents.1) Main detergents
2) Foam boosters and stabilizers
3) Opacifiers
4) Special additives for hair condition
5) Viscosity modifiers, including hydrocolloids and electrolytes
6) Special additives for scalp health, including antidandruff additives
7) Hydrotopes
8) Sequestering agents
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Read more - Formulation of Shampoo
Main Detergents
These are categorized on the basis of their ionization.Class 1: Anionics
(a) Alkyl Sulfates
The carbon chain length of the original fatty alcohol influences the resultant alkyl sulfate's solubility, detergency, foaming, and irritant potential.
(b) Alkyl Ether Sulfates
The manufacturing process for alkyl ether sulfates is the same as alkyl sulfates, but an ethoxylated fatty alcohol is used. The choice of base for neutralization is the same. The quantity of ethylene oxide molecules in the resultant alkyl ether sulfate affects foam, viscosity, and mildness:
The mono-The di-esters have superior wetting characteristics. Because they are susceptible to hydrolysis and difficult to structure, they are typically combined with alkyl ether sulfates to generate mild shampoos.
Esters have excellent foaming and detergent qualities and are quite gentle.
(d) Isothionates, Taurides and Sarcosinates
Class 2: Nonionics
Materials that are used in this class are not the major ingredients of a shampoo. They are important, though, as co-surfactants, solubilizers, and rheology modifiers for insoluble components such as fragrance oils.(a) Fatty Acid Alkanol Amides
(b) Fatty Amine Oxides
These are prepared by condensing fatty alcohols with starch. The ratio of starch to fatty alcohol can be adjusted to manage foam characteristics and detergency. When these materials are based on natural fatty acids, the entire molecule is generated from natural, renewable sources. They have low irritation, low toxicity, and are readily biodegradable.
Class 3: Amphoterics
These have both anionic and cationic charges in the hydrophilic head. Typically, the negative group is carboxylic and the positive group is amino.The anionic function predominates in alkaline solutions, whereas the cationic function predominates in acidic solutions. The isoelectric point is located between the two extremes, where the two charges are equal. At this point, the molecule is known as a zwitterion, and it does not function as a surfactant.
By changing the pH, the molecule can restore its surfactant characteristics.
Amphoterics are compatible with all classes of surfactants. Foam and viscosity can both benefit from the addition of anionics, and mildness is also affected in a synergistic way.
(a) Imidazoline Derivatives
(b) Alkylamidobetaines And Alkylbetaines
Class 4: Cationics
Surfactants in this class are typically incompatible with anionics so unlikely to be employed in shampoo systems.Shampoo Additives
(a) Thickeners
Sodium chloride is a useful ingredient for a wide range of formulations, providing functionality by altering the micelle structure. When a sulfosuccinate is employed as the principal detergent, polyethylene glycol diesters are far more effective.Hydrocolloids like polyvinyl alcohol or cellulose derivatives can also be used, albeit using a cellulosic derivative requires caution.
Glucose esters can complicate the rheological profile, although they improve foam properties and reduce irritation.
(b) Pearlizers And Opacifiers
Opacifying ingredients give the shampoo a creamy texture, which appeals to customers who have dry or damaged hair. A pearlized effect can be created by glycol distearate, but this requires a hot process and inconsistencies are necessary. Prepared pearl concentrates are more usual to use.Latex opacifiers lack the brightness of pearlizers but are used to achieve a flat transparent effect.
(c) Preservatives
A wide variety of preservatives remain. Although liquid preservatives are easier to include, the choice is influenced by challenge testing and formulation stability.Kumanova has reviewed these test methods in relation to shampoos.
Isothiazolinones and parabens are commonly used, although it should be noted that the regulatory status for authorized amounts should be consulted.
(d) pH Modifiers
The hair fibre's isoionoic point is between pH 5.6 and 6.2. It is recommended that the pH of the formulation be kept within this range. To achieve this, citric acid is generally used.Functional Additives
Functional additives are those that help optimal hair health. Hair in good condition is easy to comb in both wet and dry conditions. The dried hair should be shiny and manageable, with no 'flyaway'.Ingredients can be modified to give specific qualities as unique hair demands are more understood.
It is however dependent on the formulator to substantiate the desired product claims, and to ensure that patents are not broken. Some of the more recent ingredients found in shampoos are given below:
• Polyquaterniums
• Ceramides
• Proteins and amino acids
• Silicone additives
• Panthenol
• Glutamic acid derivatives
(a) Water-Soluble Polyquaterniums: Deposition Mechanics From Solution
This is investigated by Goddard and co-workers, mainly for Polyquaternium 10. Surface tension versus surfactant concentration measurements were obtained in the presence and in the absence of 0.1 % of the cationic Polyquaternium 10. This procedure was repeated for several surfactants. For some combinations of Polyquaternium 10 and surfactant, there was a considerable lowering of the surface tension at the lower surfactant concentrations. It can be seen that a reduction in surface tension occurs only when an anionic surfactant is used in association with Polyquaternium 10. No change in surface tension is measured when an anionic detergent is tested with a nonionic, neutral polymer substituted for Polyquaternium 10.The term "change" implies a substantial interaction between the anionic surfactant and the cationic polymer. Visual examination shows a pattern of precipitation near the critical micelle concentration. It is fair to suppose that maximum precipitation occurs at polymer-surfactant ratios where the polymer charge is balanced by the surfactant charge, as described by the expression:
Goddard and Harris, using ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) determined the relative deposition of several cationic polymers. 'They also evaluated the deposit's substantivity. It was discovered that while certain cellulose-based cationic produced a high amount of deposition, it was easily washed away by a dilute detergent solution. This would have the strength for a product to avoid the annoying or hard build-up of an active ingredient, that is one resisting removal by several shampooings.
(b) Silicone Additives
Dimethicone copolyols, block copolymers of dimethyl siloxane and ethylene oxide, and amodimethicones with an active amino group are examples of silicone additives.Alexander reports that silicone surfactants such as the dimethicone copolyols, when incorporated into shampoo formulations, greatly improve combing and antistatic properties at surprisingly low concentrations, 0.1-0.5%. Alexander also described another innovative class of silicones, the amino-functional amodimethicones, which have astonishing anionic compatibility.
Amodimethicones have a very good substantivity to their surface in addition to providing hair with many of the same advantages as dimethicone copolymers do. This is not entirely surprising given that the functional amino group is capable of creating an amine salt bond with the free carboxyl groups of the hair surface, similar to how the carboxyl groups of certain hairspray polymers are neutralized by treatment with amino alcohols. Starch has described how the substantivity of the amodimethicones has been demonstrated using ESCA methods.
(c) Proteins And Amino Acids
In recent years, there has been a shift toward materials originating from plants, such as wheat, maize, soya, or almond. All proteins are made up of amino acids, although the composition differs from protein to protein, which has a significant impact on performance on a substrate like hair. Protein derivatives have been demonstrated to have a positive effect on the mechanical characteristics of hair fiber. This requires penetration into the cortex or an indirect effect on the cortex. The capacity to do so will vary based on molecule size and charge.Gamez-Garcia has reported on the use of hydrolyzed wheat protein containing wheat oligosaccharides.
Quaternization of the protein or amino acid reduces penetration into the hair fiber while increasing substantivity to the cuticle.
(d) Ceramides
Hussler et al. has determined that the ceramide fractions present in a free form in human hair constitute about 0.01% of total hair weight. Their function is to connect the cuticle cells to the cortex and act as a 'barrier' as a cell membrane complex in collaboration with a proteinaceous matrix. The ceramide or lipid portion is extremely vulnerable to chemical and physical attack, and severe damage can result in the cell membrane complex disappearing from the cuticle.Natural ceramides have a distinct stereochemical structure and exhibit optical activity.
This structure is essential for functionality. Ceramides all have a sphingoid base in an amide linkage with nonhydroxy, alpha-hydroxy, or omega-hydroxy acids in common.
Synthetic ceramides can deposit on damaged hair, settling in minute amounts in the cuticle layer. Benefits include increased UV and visible radiation protection and a reduction in the loss of water-soluble polypeptides.
The phytosphingosine base connected with a nonhydroxy acid may be more beneficial in returning the hair to its natural equilibrium than other types of ceramides that have skin-restorative properties.
(e) Panthenol
This is the pantothenic acid provitamin, also known as vitamin B5. Vitamin B5 is required for normal hair growth, and it has been discovered that using panthenol in hair preparations can supply vitamin B5 to the hair by oxidizing it to the acid. Panthenol has also been demonstrated to improve hair body and texture while also being hydrating.(f) Glutamic Acid
Unilever has a patent on glutamic acid derivatives. According to research, these derivatives are a source of hair growth energy and can provide significant linear growth stimulation. Penetration enhancers can increase the benefit by increasing delivery to the part of the hair follicle closest to the dermal papilla, where the requirement of energy is highest.Shampoos are the hair-care products that a person uses in their day-to-day life. There are lots of queries that people in their mind regarding choosing the best shampoos for hair fall and the shampoo ingredients that are present in particular hair-care products. I hope this article will help to provide some important information regarding selecting the best shampoos as well as their ingredients.
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FAQ
Ques 1- What are the main ingredients in shampoo?Ans- Shampoo basically contains water, detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, conditioning agents, preservatives, fragrances, surfactants, and also some additional ingredients like proteins, vitamins as well and herbal extracts which are completely dependent on product requirements.
Ques 2- Which ingredients are best for hair in shampoo?
Ans- 1) The ingredients used in shampoo totally depend on the individual requirements as well as the hair type.
2) For sensitive or dry hair, sulfate-free surfactants are used.
3) To clear out the excessive oil gentle cleanser such as cocamidopropyl betaine are used.
4) Conditioning agents like glycerin, panthenol, and oils provide moisture and softness.
5) For providing strength and repair the damaged hair proteins like keratin or silk are used.
6) For offering soothing and antioxidant benefits herbal extracts like green tea, aloe vera, and chamomile are used.
7) For nourishing and protection of hair antioxidants as well as vitamins such as B5, and E are used.
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