The coloring of hair is a type of thing that is always in fashion. Although some people do not want to color their hair, others are willing to try something new and always. At the present time, in the advanced trend, there is a large number of options available to pick hair colors. So, in this article, I will give you information about the different types of hair colour for women and men as well.
Hair Colour For Women
With time, people go through different changes in terms of their clothing as well as their body type. If we talk about fashion, then hair has its history. People always try different hairstyles and cuts, but now hair coloring is also very trendy.The concept of coloring hair comes from Egypt, where people use henna to hide their hairstyles for growing gray hair. This process slowly crossed the borders, and as fashion grew, the process of hair colouring for men and women also increased.
Now, let's look at the science behind the hair colors.
What Are the Categories of Hair Color
As per the trend of hair color, the products that add colour to the hair are divided into the following main categories:1) Temporary Hair Colourants
2) Semi-permanent Hair Colourants (direct dyes)
3) Gradual Colourants (auto-oxidative and metallic dyes)
4) Natural Dyes
5) Permanent (oxidation dyes)
6) Demipermanent (oxidation dyes)
Temporary Hair Colourants
Initially, these products were based on the acid dyes. Though they are formulated for temporary purposes, they are made long-lasting in two conditions such as;a) If they are applied to significantly damaged hair.
b) After the application of colorants, they are heated with a hair dryer.
After the application of temporary hair colorants, the hair is not rinsed, which is why these products are different from all other products, because they are ‘leave-in’ products. That is the reason that this is one of the most difficult products in which the balanced nature to deliver the dye, and the ability to give the products that provide a pleasing feel to hair, and stability on the shelf, as well.
Various dyes give an event color, like surfactants and polymers. However, applying too much to the hair may cause an unappealing feel.
Semi-Permanent Hair Colourants (Direct Dyes)
They propose dark colour without the use of hydrogen peroxide, which is why there is no bleaching of the hair's melanin. That’s the reason that the gray hair is colored more or less differently compared to the pigmented hairs. These products washed out slowly; there is no requirement for retouching or route problems.These products are very easy to use, and in these products, there is no requirement to mix any other products. As ammonia is not used in these products, they fragrance easily and effectively.
These products are popular for those people who want natural gray hair with its original color. This method uses a compound that is already colored, and there are no chemical dye compounds or products used.
There are the following types of components that are used in semi-permanent hair colorants such as;
- Dyes,
- Organic solvents like derivatives of glycol and alcohol,
- Fatty acid, and Fatty acid amide,
- Surfactant,
- Thickener,
- Water,
- Perfume
Azo dyes, Aminonitrophenols, O-nitro anilines – Impart orange and yellow shades
Nitrophenylenediamines – Impart red to violet shades
Nitrodiphenylamines – Impart orange to red shades
Anthraquinone – Imparts violet to blue shades
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Oxidative Dying Systems
Oxidative dye systems are further divided into two categories that include permanent Hair Dyes as well as demipermanent Hair Dyes.Both of these products contain many common ingredients such as;
- Surfactants
- Solvents
- Alkalizing agents
- Oxidant
- Dyes
Permanent Hair Dyes
Because of the stability of the normal wearing process, the permanent hair dye is also known as an oxidation dye.If we talk from the formulation perspective, as these are permanent hair dyes, there is a much higher possibility to rebuild More Apparent colour on re-dyed hair as compared to the other dyes.
Additionally are unique among all the classes of hair colour in the capacity to provide Different colour shades.
The longevity of permanent hair colors is much longer than that of semi-permanent hair colorants. These are the precursors of dye that undergo chemical changes while applied to the hair to form a color rather than the dyes themselves.
Precautions should also be taken while applying permanent hair color, as they may cause irritation of the skin in some individuals, so before applying it on hair, it is advised to go for patch testing.
Formation Of Colours In Hair
The oxidation dyeing mechanism depends on various parameters like the reaction mixture's complexity, hydrolysis of the intermediate product, and the presence of hair keratin.Three stages are;
1) Formation Of Quinoneimines
In this phase, the oxidation of bases occurs by the action of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with the formation of quinonemonoimines from p and o-aminophenols and quinone di-amines from p and o - aminophenols from p and o - aminophenols and quinone di-imines from p and o-phenylene diamines.2) Formation Of Diphenylamines
The quinone imines cations form in the first step and undergo the Michael-type conjugate with pseudo-carbons of couplers that give an N - substituted p - phenylene diamine that is diphenylamine. The nucleophilic compounds carry out the addition of NH - of quinone imines by targeting the nitrogen atoms, which not only include the meta-structure couplers but also unoxidized para-bases that subsequently work as couplers for their imines.3) Formation Of Colour
The earlier-formed diphenylamines now turn to new oxidation bases. In this one benzene ring is tri-substituted by the electron donor groups. Due to this, these have similar two reaction potentials as the original para-base from which they are derived.Hence, either they oxidize or convert into the indoamines as well as indophenols, which then act as couplers and react with quinoneimines from the original para-bases, which may lead to double phenylamines. These compounds are easily oxidized and form a new group of dyes that contain three benzene rings.
As these dyes have more reaction capabilities, like partial hydrolysis or partial cyclization, that’s why these compounds may change into oxazines as well as azines that may further form more dyes.
Hence, once again, it is highlighted that the coloring of hair by the permanent dyes is the result of conflict between indoamine dyes, as well as the color generated in the series of condensations and oxidations, quite distinct from the main reactions.
The following colors must be obtained by using the following couplers, as well as p-phenylenediamines.
| Coupler | Colour obtained |
|---|---|
| 1 - naphthol | Purple - Blue |
| m - aminophenol | Magenta / Brown |
| 2,4-diamino anisole and m - phenylenediamine | Blue |
| Resorcinol | Green / Brown |
Formulation Of Permanent Hair Dyes
While formulating the permanent hair dyes following factors should be taken into consideration:1) The solution, gel, emulsion, shampoo, and powder should be used as a formulation base.
2) Selecting the dye component, such as a coupling agent, oxidation base, or adding the direct colorants.
3) Generally, ammonia is used as an alkali.
4) Generally, ascorbic acid, sulphite, and ammonium thioglycolate are used as antioxidants that prevent the oxidation of dye before its use.
5) The packaging should also be very convenient as well as easy to use.
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Steps Of Uses
a) The shampoo is one of the easiest media for coloring the hair. It contains the precursors of dyes with the surfactants, such as ammonium oleate soap.b) Now, in the above solution, add a solution of stabilized hydrogen peroxide that is contained in a different container.
c) Apply this mixture directly to the hair, and leave for 20 to 40 minutes.
d) Then the hair is washed with the water completely.
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Gradual Colourants
a) The composition of the gradual colourants contains heavy metals.b) It requires many applications of the colorants that are used over time to color the hair.
c) The heavy metals, such as lead as well as bismuth, in their salt forms are used.
d) The salt of heavy metals is dissolved in the solutions and then added to the formulations.
e) The formulation is applied to the hair many times because it colors the hair slowly.
Natural Dyes
Plant materials are considered valuable sources for many different diseases, and have been used for other uses from ancient times for other purposes. The leaves are used to provide colorants such as:a) Henna
Henna is a non-toxic and non-sensitizing compound that is one of the safer options for coloring hair.1) Take the henna leaves that are generally sold in the form of powder.
2) Measure the required amount of henna powder.
3) Mix the henna powder with the hot water in a mixing bowl. Mix well up to the time that a thick paste forms.
4) Now, apply the henna paste on the hair and ensure that the application of the paste is on the whole hair.
5) For the even distribution of the paste, use the comb or any other brush applicator.
6) After the complete application of henna paste onto the hair wrap the warm towel around the head, as it enhances the coloring effects of the henna.
7) Depending on the personal preference as well as the label on the product, allow the henna paste to sit on the hair for a specific period.
8) At this time, the lawsone in henna reacts with the hair to provide it a reddish color.
9) Now, wash the henna paste from the hair with the help of lukewarm water.
10) After the application of henna, avoid using the shampoo immediately because it may affect color development.
11) Indigo leaves, as well as synthetic leaves, can be used as henna to alter the color.
12) For the additional color variations, pyrogallic acid and metallic salts such as copper sulfates can also be added.
13) The intensity of the color can be adjusted by the addition of pyrogallic acid that gives the desired shades. As the colour of pyrogallic acid increases, the darker hair shades are obtained.
b) Chamomile
1) Identify and collect the chamomile flowers, as they are the source of color.2) Now, grind the chamomile flowers into fine powder with the help of a mortar and pestle or with the help of a suitable grinder.
3) Then measure the required amount of powdered chamomile flowers.
4) Now, in a mixing bowl, mix the chamomile flowers with the hot water to form a paste.
5) Now, apply the chamomile paste to the hair.
6) After applying, wrap the warm towel around the head.
7) The coloring effects are enhanced due to the warmth aids.
8) During the process of formulation of chamomile, the color achieved is a result of the navy blue volatile oil.
9) On the other hand, mix 2 parts of kaolin or 1 part of fuller’s earth with the chamomile powder. The addition of this mixture makes a cohesive composition for better application.
10) To modify the final color mix of henna with the chamomile in various proportions.
11) To achieve the desired color tones, add different ratios.
12) Finally, with the help of lukewarm water, wash the hair after the recommended period.
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